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Davyhulme Sewage Works
Davyhulme Sewage Works is the main waste water treatment works for the city of Manchester, England, and one of the largest in Europe. It was opened in 1894, and has pioneered the improvement of treatment processes.
==History==
The city of Manchester experienced rapid growth during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the existing administrative bodies were not equipped to deal with such expansion. The area was managed by the Court Leet, which was responsible for all administration and judicial functions. In 1792, the Manchester and Salford Police Act led to the establishment of a day and night watch. The night watch was mainly a guard against fire. At that time the word police was used to mean administration, not handling law and order. A group of Police Commissioners were established to manage cleansing and water supply. In 1797, this was formalised, by creating separate Commissioners for Salford and for Manchester. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 paved the way for borough councils to be established, with ratepayers electing their members. A petition to create such a council for Manchester was organised by two industrialists, Richard Cobden and Thomas Potter, but this was resisted by both the Court Leet and the Police Commissioners, who stood to lose some of their powers.
Despite the opposition, Manchester's first proper council was elected in 1838, although its area of jurisdiction was quite small, and there were independent areas within the city, such as Chorlton-on-Medlock, which had their own committees to manage local functions. The new council began the task of constructing a brick-built sewerage network within the city. In 1847, John Francis the Borough Surveyor suggested using egg-shaped clay pipes instead, and using these proved to be much quicker. However, the period also saw the introduction of the water closet, the forerunner of the modern flush toilet, and this resulted in much larger volumes of effluent entering the system. The council tried to limit their use to public buildings and the homes of the rich, as the waste was discharged in an untreated state into the rivers, which were becoming grossly polluted. This policy was not successful, and by the early 1890s, around 90 per cent of the housing in Manchester had water closets.
In an attempt to deal with river pollution, the council created the River Medlock Improvement Committee on 1 April 1863. Such problems were not limited to Manchester, and two pieces of legislation were introduced nationally to address the issues. The first was the Public Health Act 1875, and the second was the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876. In the following year, the River Medlock Improvement Committee became the Rivers Committee, and proposed a combined drainage scheme for the city and 15 other authorities with responsibility for the areas around the city. All pulled out of the scheme because of the likely cost, but in 1888, the City of Manchester decided to proceed on its own. Two deep level sewers were authorised, which intercepted the existing sewers before they discharged into the rivers. When the first sewer reached Davyhulme, further progress was impeded by the Manchester Ship Canal, then being built, and the site became the location of the sewage treatment works. It had the advantage that treated water could be discharged into the ship canal to maintain water levels.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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